تلخيص شابتر !

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السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
مبارك عليكم الشهر جميلاتي :flower:


أنا ماخذة ترم صيفي وبلشت بدكتور يهدالحيل :h9enJ:
ف عندي جزء من شابتر ابي عن ايش يتكلم و ابي إختصااار له يعني الاشياء اللي مالها داعي تحذف
و يوضع عليها كذا سؤاال :033:



انا


This phenomenon again has a simple psychological cause. The translator is under the impact of his main objective: to interpret, i.e., to make intel- ligible a foreign book to the reader of his country. And while interpreting the book from a foreign language, he quite naturally tends to explain things which are difficult, not for linguistic reasons, but because the author pre- ferred to use understatement, an indirect expression, and not to state his idea in full.
The two tendencies mentioned so far are responsible for minute changes in style which, however, since they occur in hundreds in almost every ave- rage or mediocre translation, finally result in changing the style of a literary work into a dry and uninspiring description of things and actions.
To save time, I mentioned two very obvious details and their corres- ponding causes. By experimental methods many other less obvious and

therefore more revealing tendencies can be detected. The aim of a syste- matic psycholinguistic research ought to be to establish the whole dynamic pattern of agents operative in the process of encoding the text and influenc- ing the quality of the translator's work. When methods become more re- fined, it ought to be possible to find out from results of his work whether a young adept of translation has the necessary talent, and to devise methods of a more effective training of translators.
Psycholinguistic experiment is of course no panacea which can solve all problems of translation. It hardly can instruct the translator in his choice of method by which to bridge the differences of cultural background between author and translator, by which to solve the many cruces translatorum resulting from the fact that the pattern of life and thought of the author and his reader are different from those of the translator and his reader. These, of course, are problems treated by structural anthropology.
The world we live in is composed of objects and phenomena which take on different forms in different cultural areas. Consider only the proper names, by which individuals are denominated and distinguished from each other. It is usual in Central Europe for an individual to have a surname and a Christian name of his own, whether he be a man or a woman. It is cus- tomary in England Å or at least it was so in certain strata of society Å for a wife to share the Christian name of her husband: when Thackeray's Amelia Sedley married Mr. George Osborne, she became known as Mrs. George Osborne. It is the custom in Russia for a man to inherit the Christian name from his father (the so-called patronymicum): the son of Maxim Surkov becomes Ivan Maximovich Surkov. You cannot know whether the German surname Neumann belongs to a man or a woman, while in Czech a man would be called NovÔk and a woman NovÔkovÔ. Maria Neumann or Mari- e NovÔkovÔ may be either single or married, whereas in Poland you can guess that Maria Krayenowa is married while Krayen©wna is unmarried. The conventional modes of denomination of individuals are of course one component only of a whole pattern of social conventions and relations; in- formation on the social position of individuals and on their relations that cannot be communicated by names, may often be expressed by the ways in which people address themselves etc. The information which is missing in the name is expressed by Miss, Mrs., Mr., Fr¡ulein, Frau, Herr; in specific situations a considerable amount of information about the relations between people may be imparted by the use of Ðdu" and ÐSie" in German (not so in English) and so on. And this is a minute section of the social pattern only. The material world in which people live is not less differentiated in character: it is well known that English bread is different from its Russian

or Czech counterpart and more like rolls in those countries, etc. I believe that a translator would find it useful if he could consult not only a com- parative grammar of the two linguistic systems, but also a confrontation of the anthropological patterns of the two cultural areas; and again I would insist on the structural and not atomistic treatment of facts.
In deciding how to tackle the specific facts and their specific denomina- tions, the translator cannot but have recourse to semantics, since he has to communicate to his readers the meaning these facts had for the author and for his reader.
In my opinion, there are three basic modes of translation from the semantic point of view: (1) translation sensu stricto, (2) substitution, and (3) transliteration. Since personal names have been mentioned, let us dem- onstrate the three modes according to this problem.
Only those personal names which have the character and meaning of common terms, of general notions, can be translated; such are the char- acters in allegories, moralities, in commedia dell'arte: EverymanÅJeder- mann, MonkÅM¢nch, DottoreÅDoktor.
As soon as the designation of a character takes on the form of a pro- per name, it becomes dependent on language and on the social pattern of a certain cultural region, since every nation has a stock of linguistic forms available for use as personal names; f. ex. there certainly are many people whose name is Mr. Newman or Herr Neumann, but it would be rather uncommon to meet a Mr. New or a Herr Neu. If the translator decides to inform his reader of the meaning of Ðspeaking names"Åas he is often obliged to do f. ex. in comediesÅhe cannot simply translate a Mrs. Mala- prop or a Charles Surface, a Mr. Ford or a Mr. Page, but must find equiva- lent names in his own national repertory, and substitute the names.
And once the name has no meaning at allÅor no meaning in the par- ticular play or novelÅneither translation nor substitution are possible, and the only possibility is to transliterate it: the name of Mr. Ford has a semantic function in ÐThe Merry Wives of Windsor," while it has no semantic function of its own in a biography of the American automobile manufacturer, and can only be transliterated there. So the use of the three modes of translation is predetermined by the semantic character of the literary device in question.





بليز حبوباتي ساعدوني واكسبوا فيني أجر ولكم دعوات من ظهر غيب
وفقكم الله :087: